Use MED to Influence Incoming Traffic Flow

In previous lab exercises, you used BGP weights and BGP local preference to change the BGP tables on your routers, thus changing the outgoing traffic flow. In this exercise, we’ll change the incoming traffic flow with the BGP Multi-Exit Discriminator (MED) attribute.

Lab topology

Warning

Changing incoming traffic flow is more critical for networks that are not content providers. It’s also much more challenging than changing the outgoing traffic flow, as you must try to influence the BGP tables on other people’s routers.

Existing Router Configuration

The routers in your lab use the following BGP AS numbers. Each autonomous system advertises an IPv4 prefix. Upstream routers (x1, x2) also advertise the default route to your router (rtr).

Node/ASN	Router ID	Advertised prefixes
AS65000 (customer)
c1	10.0.0.1	192.168.42.0/24
c2	10.0.0.2	192.168.42.0/24
AS65100 (ISP)
x1	10.0.0.10	192.168.100.0/24
x2	10.0.0.11	192.168.100.0/24

Your routers have these BGP neighbors:

Node	Router ID / Neighbor	Router AS/ Neighbor AS	Neighbor IPv4
c1	10.0.0.1	65000
	c2	65000	10.0.0.2
	x1	65100	10.1.0.2
c2	10.0.0.2	65000
	c1	65000	10.0.0.1
	x2	65100	10.1.0.6

Your network is also running OSPF in the backbone area:

Router	Interface	IPv4 Address	Neighbor(s)
c1	Loopback	10.0.0.1/32
	Ethernet3	192.168.42.1/24	c2
c2	Loopback	10.0.0.2/32
	Ethernet3	192.168.42.2/24	c1

Start the Lab

Assuming you already set up your lab infrastructure:

Change directory to policy/6-med
Execute netlab up to start the lab using the usual external devices for X1 and X2 (device requirements), or netlab up single.yml to start the lab that uses only your chosen devices¹. You can also run this lab without using netlab
Log into your devices (C1 and C2) with netlab connect and verify their configurations.

Tip

netlab will configure IP addressing, OSPF, BGP, IBGP sessions, EBGP sessions, and BGP prefix advertisements on your routers. If you’re not using netlab, you’ll have to configure your routers manually.

Check the BGP Tables on External Routers

Log into X1 and X2 and check their BGP tables. Use sudo vtysh -c 'show ip bgp' command if you’re running Cumulus Linux on external routers:

$ netlab connect x1 sudo vtysh -c 'show ip bgp 192.168.42.0'
Connecting to container clab-med-x1, executing sudo vtysh -c "show ip bgp 192.168.42.0"
BGP routing table entry for 192.168.42.0/24
Paths: (2 available, best #2, table default)
  Advertised to non peer-group peers:
  x2(10.0.0.11) 10.1.0.1
  65000
    10.0.0.11 (metric 10) from x2(10.0.0.11) (10.0.0.11)
      Origin IGP, localpref 100, valid, internal
      Last update: Mon Nov  6 07:08:30 2023
  65000
    10.1.0.1 from 10.1.0.1 (10.0.0.1)
      Origin IGP, valid, external, bestpath-from-AS 65000, best (Peer Type)
      Last update: Mon Nov  6 07:08:12 2023

$ netlab connect x2 sudo vtysh -c 'show ip bgp 192.168.42.0'
Connecting to container clab-med-x2, executing sudo vtysh -c "show ip bgp 192.168.42.0"
BGP routing table entry for 192.168.42.0/24
Paths: (2 available, best #2, table default)
  Advertised to non peer-group peers:
  x1(10.0.0.10) 10.1.0.5
  65000
    10.0.0.10 (metric 10) from x1(10.0.0.10) (10.0.0.10)
      Origin IGP, localpref 100, valid, internal
      Last update: Mon Nov  6 07:08:29 2023
  65000
    10.1.0.5 from 10.1.0.5 (10.0.0.2)
      Origin IGP, valid, external, bestpath-from-AS 65000, best (Peer Type)
      Last update: Mon Nov  6 07:08:11 2023

X1 and X2 prefer the EBGP path to the customer prefix (192.168.42.0/24) over the IBGP path. The distinction between the two paths is small enough for MED to work.

Using BGP Multi-Exit Discriminator (MED)

The Border Gateway Protocol 4 (BGP-4) RFC (RFC 4271) defines the MULTI_EXIT_DISC attribute as an optional attribute that is intended to be used on external (inter-AS) links to discriminate among multiple exit or entry points to the same neighboring AS. The first limitation of MED is that it can only influence incoming traffic flow if your network connects to a single upstream network.

RFC 4271 also defines how to use MED: “All other factors being equal, the exit point with the lower metric SHOULD be preferred.” MED is a weak metric considered at the end of the BGP path selection process. You can use it to influence incoming traffic only if the upstream network uses no other routing policy.

Finally, RFC 4271 defines MED propagation rules:

MED can be used on EBGP sessions.
If received over EBGP, the MED attribute MAY be propagated over IBGP to other BGP speakers within the same AS.
The MED attribute received from a neighboring AS MUST NOT be propagated to other neighboring ASes.

We’ll use the above behavior to implement a straightforward routing policy:

Set the MED on routes advertised from C1 to X1 to 50
Set the MED on routes advertised from C2 to X2 to 100 (remember: higher MED is worse).

You will probably have to configure a routing policy (often called a route-map) on C1 and C2 to change the MED and then apply the routing policy as the outbound policy on the EBGP neighbors.

Warning

Applying routing policy parameters to BGP neighbors doesn’t necessarily change the BGP table, as the new routing policy might be evaluated only on new incoming updates. You might have to use a command similar to clear ip bgp * soft to tell your routers to resend their BGP updates.

Verification

Examine the BGP tables on X1 and X2 to verify that the routes from AS 65000 have the desired metric. This is a printout you should get on X2 running Cumulus Linux:

$ netlab connect x2 sudo vtysh -c 'show ip bgp 192.168.42.0'
Connecting to container clab-med-x2, executing sudo vtysh -c "show ip bgp 192.168.42.0"
BGP routing table entry for 192.168.42.0/24
Paths: (2 available, best #1, table default)
  Advertised to non peer-group peers:
  10.1.0.5
  65000
    10.0.0.10 (metric 10) from x1(10.0.0.10) (10.0.0.10)
      Origin IGP, metric 50, localpref 100, valid, internal, bestpath-from-AS 65000, best (MED)
      Last update: Mon Nov  6 07:36:36 2023
  65000
    10.1.0.5 from 10.1.0.5 (10.0.0.2)
      Origin IGP, metric 100, valid, external
      Last update: Mon Nov  6 07:36:36 2023

X2 has two paths toward 192.168.42.0:

IBGP path received from 10.0.0.10 (X1) with metric 50. This is the best path due to MED value.
EBGP path received from 10.1.0.5 (C2) with metric 100. This is a valid path, but there are better.

If you get a similar printout in your lab, you accomplished your mission – you managed to change the incoming traffic flow to avoid the C2-X2 link.

Warning

In real life, you cannot log into other people’s routers. In most cases, you’re limited to observing the incoming traffic counters on your uplinks and hoping for the best. You might be able to use looking glasses (if available) in adjacent networks to inspect their BGP tables or use the traceroute tool from a remote vantage point (for example, your laptop tethered to a mobile Internet connection) to check the traffic flow into your network.

Next: Use AS-Path Prepending to Influence Incoming Traffic Flow

Reference Information

This lab uses the 4-router lab topology. Some links are unused to retain the interface names from that topology.

The following information might help you if you plan to build custom lab infrastructure:

Device Requirements

Customer routers: use any device supported by the netlab BGP and OSPF configuration modules.
External routers must be supported by the netlab BGP and OSPF configuration modules. They also need support for default route origination.
If you want to use a device that is not supported by the bgp.session plugin as an external router, remove the bgp.originate attributes from the lab topology.
Git repository contains external router initial device configurations for Cumulus Linux.

Lab Wiring

Link Name	Origin Device	Origin Port	Destination Device	Destination Port
Primary uplink	c1	Ethernet1	x1	swp1
Unused link	c1	Ethernet2	x2	swp1
ISP internal link	x1	swp2	x2	swp2
Unused link	c2	Ethernet1	x1	swp3
Backup uplink	c2	Ethernet2	x2	swp3
Customer internal link	c1	Ethernet3	c2	Ethernet3

Lab Addressing

Node/Interface	IPv4 Address	Description
c1	10.0.0.1/32	Loopback
Ethernet1	10.1.0.1/30	Primary uplink
Ethernet2		Unused link
Ethernet3	192.168.42.1/24	Customer internal link
c2	10.0.0.2/32	Loopback
Ethernet1		Unused link
Ethernet2	10.1.0.5/30	Backup uplink
Ethernet3	192.168.42.2/24	Customer internal link
x1	10.0.0.10/32	Loopback
swp1	10.1.0.2/30	Primary uplink
swp2	192.168.100.10/24	ISP internal link
swp3		Unused link
x2	10.0.0.11/32	Loopback
swp1		Unused link
swp2	192.168.100.11/24	ISP internal link
swp3	10.1.0.6/30	Backup uplink

Using your chosen devices in the ISP network might make it easier to check the status of the BGP tables on X1 and X2. It will also consume more memory (Cumulus Linux and FRR are very memory-efficient). ↩

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